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Clean and Unclean Animals
Posted by Lev/Christopher on April 16, 2009 at 3:07am in Torah Studies
Parashat Hashavuah
Shemini - שמיני : "Eighth"
Torah : Leviticus 9:1-11:47
Haftarah : 2 Samuel 6:1-7:17
Gospel : Luke 7-9
If we obey God only when it makes good sense to us or when we happen to have a similar inclination, that is not really obedience. This can be compared to a child whose father insisted on an eight o'clock bedtime. On the first night, the child felt drowsy around seven thirty, so he obeyed his father. "How wise my father is to send me to bed at eight," the child thought. The next night, though, he did not feel tired. He could think of no rational reason for going to bed so early. The eight o'clock bedtime mandate seemed arbitrary and unnecessary, so he chose to ignore it. It is not obedience if we only obey when it suits us to do so.
Commentary
For I am the LORD your God. Consecrate yourselves therefore, and be holy, for I am holy. And you shall not make yourselves unclean with any of the swarming things that swarm on the earth. (Leviticus 11:44)
Why does God say that some animals are clean (ritually fit) while others are unclean (ritually unfit)? Many books have been written discussing this subject, and various commentators have struggled to find a common rationale. One popular theory is that the permitted types of animals are better for our bodies. The unfit animals tend to be scavengers, and perhaps their meats carry more toxins and other harmful elements. A growing body of scientific evidence seems to lend support to that notion.1 Surely God, in His wisdom, knew what foods would be good for His people and what foods would be harmful for them. But there is more to it than simply good health. The kosher laws are not God's version of a health food diet.
The laws of what is clean and what is unclean have to do with being able to participate in the Tabernacle worship system. Things that make a person ritually unfit include death, leprosy, mildew and human mortality. Some of the animals designated as "unfit" are predators or scavengers that feed on carrion. Some of them carry associations with ritual contamination. Perhaps the Almighty designated some animals as unfit because of their associations with ritual uncleanness. God desires His people to be a kingdom of priests, and that requires implementing ritual concern in daily life.
These are just guesses, though. We really do not know the reason some animals are called fit and others are not. The rabbis explain that the kosher laws belong to a category of commandment that has no rational explanation (chukim, חקים). Asking why a buffalo is kosher while a giant sloth is not kosher is like asking why the Sabbath is on the seventh day of the week and not the first day of the week or why the sun rises in the east instead of the west. Some things we have to accept simply because God says so. Who are we to question God? He decided that certain creatures are not food for His people Israel. That is completely within His prerogative.
Though we may not be able to deduce why God designated some animals as clean and others as unclean, we do know why He imposed the dietary laws on His people Israel. The Torah tells us that it is a matter of holiness:
You shall not make yourselves unclean with them so that you become unclean. For I am the LORD your God. Consecrate yourselves therefore, and be holy, for I am holy. And you shall not make yourselves unclean with any of the swarming things that swarm on the earth. For I am the LORD who brought you up from the land of Egypt to be your God; thus you shall be holy, for I am holy. (Leviticus 11:43-45)
God gave Israel the dietary laws to make them holy. Remember, the word holy does not refer to a moral/ethical quality. It means to be set apart. Israel is supposed to demonstrate to the world that it is a nation set apart for the LORD. One of the ways that the people of Israel are to do that is by maintaining a distinctive diet that, on some levels, keeps them separate from others. The distinctive requirements of the kosher diet have forced the Jewish people to cluster together in communities while limiting their potential interactions with other communities.
Some people regard the thought of eating an unclean animal as revolting. Personal taste preferences and appetites are the wrong reasons for avoiding unfit foods. Likewise, health reasons alone are not a good motivation for keeping kosher. A famous rabbi from the days just after the time of the apostles taught that a person should not say, "I think pork is disgusting." Instead he should say, "I would certainly eat it, but My Father in heaven has forbidden me to eat of it, so I will not."2
Endnotes
1. For example, Hope Egan's Holy Cow! Does God Care About What We Eat? (Marshfield, MO: First Fruits of Zion, 2005).
2. Rabbi Elezar ben Azaryah in Yalkut Shimoni Kedoshim 626.
http://www.ffoz.org
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Reply by Christian on April 21, 2009 at 5:30pm
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Reply by Lev/Christopher on April 22, 2009 at 12:04am
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Reply by Christian on April 22, 2009 at 2:04am
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Reply by Lev/Christopher on April 22, 2009 at 3:32am
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Reply by Christian on April 22, 2009 at 6:38am
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